Molecule

TNF-alpha

Pro-inflammatory cytokine

Expression change
Elevated
Evidence level
moderate

Role in pathogenesis

C1q-opsonized immune complexes promote T-cell activation and secretion of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. TNF-alpha contributes to endothelial activation, neutrophil recruitment, and systemic inflammatory symptoms.

Sources (2)

DetailsMarzano AV et al. (2022) Urticarial vasculitis: Clinical and laboratory findings with a particular emphasis on differential diagnosisDOI
DetailsJara LJ et al. (2009) Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndromeDOI