Molecule

TNFα

Pro-inflammatory cytokine

Expression change
Elevated
Evidence level
moderate

Role in pathogenesis

Elevated but TNF-blockers are INEFFECTIVE in Schnitzler syndrome. This tells us TNFα is a bystander, not a driver.

Sources (2)

B3Regnault V et al. (2019) PBMC studies: spontaneous IL-1β release
A5de Koning HD (2014) Comprehensive review (281 cases)DOI